Review of Related Literature
A literature review is a written summary of journal articles, books, and other documents that describes the past and current state of information on the topic of your research study. It also organizes the literature into subtopics, and documents the need for a proposed study. In the most rigorous form of research, educators base this review mainly on research reported in journal articles. A good review, however, might also contain other information drawn from conference papers, books, and government documents. In composing a literature review, you may cite articles that are both quantitative and qualitative studies. Regardless of the sources of information, all researchers conduct a literature review as a step in the research process.
Different Sources of Review of Related Literature
Review of related literature can be classified as two. Namely
Primary source
Secondary source
Primary Source
A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people, events, or phenomena that you are researching. Primary sources will usually be the main objects of your analysis.If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it yourself, so you need primary sources that were produced at the time by participants or witnesses (e.g. letters, photographs, newspapers).If you are researching something current, your primary sources can either be qualitative or quantitative data that you collect yourself (e.g. through interviews, surveys, experiments) or sources produced by people directly involved in the topic (e.g. official documents or media text). Primary sources are the foundation of original research. They allow you to:
Make new discoveries
Provide credible evidence for your arguments
Give authoritative information about your topic
If you don’t use any primary sources, your research may be considered unoriginal or unreliable. Primary sources provide direct or firsthand evidence about an event, person, or object. These sources are contemporary to the events and people described. In the context of historical research, primary sources are sources that were created during the specific time period being studied. Whether a resource can be considered a primary source depends heavily on your specific research question and on the context (the who, what, when, where, and why) of the source you are examining. Primary sources are firsthand, contemporary accounts of events created by individuals during that period of time or several years later (such as correspondence, diaries, memoirs and personal histories). These original records can be found in several media such as print, artwork, and audio and visual recording. Examples of primary sources include manuscripts, newspapers, speeches, cartoons, photographs, video, and artifacts. Primary sources can be described as those sources that are closest to the origin of the information. They contain raw information and thus, must be interpreted by researchers.Primary sources are firsthand, contemporary accounts of events created by individuals during that period of time or several years later (such as correspondence, diaries, memoirs and personal histories). These original records can be found in several media such as print, artwork, and audio and visual recording. Examples of primary sources include manuscripts, newspapers, speeches, cartoons, photographs, video, and artifact's. Primary sources can be described as those sources that are closest to the origin of the information. They contain raw information and thus, must be interpreted by researchers.
Some examples of primary sources include:
Newspaper articles
Diaries
Letters
Memoirs and autobiographies
Speeches
Photographs
Novels, poems
- Government document
Secondary Source
Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. A secondary source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.A secondary source is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analyzes information from primary sources.Secondary sources are good for gaining a full overview of your topic and understanding how other researchers have approached it. They often synthesize a large number of primary sources that would be difficult and time-consuming to gather by yourself. They allow you to:
Gain background information on the topic
Support or contrast your arguments with other researchers’ ideas
Gather information from primary sources that you can’t access directly (e.g. private letters or physical documents located elsewhere)
When you conduct a literature review, you can consult secondary sources to gain a thorough overview of your topic. If you want to mention a paper or study that you find cited in a secondary source, seek out the original source and cite it directly.Secondary sources were created by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you’re researching. For a historical research project, secondary sources are generally scholarly books and articles.A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may contain pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources.Some types of secondary source include: Textbooks; journal articles; histories; criticisms; commentaries; encyclopedias Secondary sources are closely related to primary sources and often interpret them. These sources are documents that relate to information that originated elsewhere. Secondary sources often use generalizations, analysis, interpretation, and synthesis of primary sources. Examples of secondary sources include textbooks, articles, and reference books.
Examples of secondary sources include:
A scholarly journal article about the history of cardiology
A book about the psychological effects of WWI
A biographical dictionary of women in science
An April 2007 newspaper or magazine article on anti-aging trends
For a historical research project, secondary sources are most often scholarly books and articles.
Literature reviews often contain both primary and secondary source materials. Typically, you will locate both primary and secondary sources, but it is best to report mostly primary sources. Primary sources present the literature in the original state and present the viewpoint of the original author. Primary sources also provide the details of original research better than do secondary souurces. Secondary sources are helpful as you begin your review, to explore and determine the range of materials on a topic. Historically, the division into primary and secondary sources has been a useful classifi cation for literature in fields such as law and history.
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